Il grande mito

1. Oreskes N., “We Need Big Government to Save Us from the Pandemic”, Time, 17 aprile 2020, https://time.com/5823063/we-need-big-government-pandemic/

2. Institute of Medicine, The Future of Public Health, National Academies Press, Washington, D.C., 1988

3. Nuzzo J.B., et al., Preparedness for a High-Impact Respiratory Pathogen Pandemic, Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security, Baltimora 2019, “aumenti di produzione in caso di crisi” 7

4. Noguchi Y., “Not Enough Face Masks Are Made In America To Deal With The Coronavirus”, NPR, 5 marzo 2020, https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/03/05/811387424/face-masks-not-enough-are-made-in-america-to-deal-with-coronavirus

5. Kulish N., Kliff S., Silver-Greenberg J., “The U.S. Tried to Build a New Fleet of Ventilators. The Mission Failed”, New York Times, 29 marzo 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/29/business/coronavirus-us-ventilator-shortage.html

6. Sull’invenzione dell’“economia” come cosa in sé, si veda Mitchell T., Carbon Democracy: Political Power in the Age of Oil, Verso, Londra 2013

7. Woolhandler S., et al., “Public Policy and Health in the Trump Era”, Lancet, 21 febbraio 2021, The Lancet Commissions, 39, 10275, 705-53, https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)32545-9/fulltext

8. Cave D., “How Australia Saved Thousands of Lives while Covid Killed a Million Americans”, New York Times, 15 maggio 2022, https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/15/world/australia/covid-deaths.html

9. Ibidem.

10. Latner A.W., “Hospitalized Covid-19 Patient Demands Therapy with Ivermectin”, Clinical Advisor, 15 dicembre 2021, https://www.clinicaladvisor.com/home/my-practice/legal-advisor/covid-patients-demands-ivermectin-therapy/

11. Villegas P., “South Dakota Says Many Patients Deny the Coronavirus Exists – Right Up Until Death”, Washington Post, 16 novembre 2020, https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2020/11/16/south-dakota-nurse-coronavirus-deniers/

12. Cutler D.M., Summers L.H., “The Covid-19 Pandemic and the $16 Trillion Virus”, JAMA 324, n° 15 (12 ottobre 2020): 1495-96, https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2771764. I 7,6 trilioni di dollari sono i costi stimati dal Congressional budget office per la perdita di produzione economica nel prossimo decennio; 4,4 trilioni di dollari sono quelli per le morti premature, con un valore di 7 milioni di dollari per vita.

13. “Overdose Death Rates”, National institute on drug abuse, 29 gennaio 2021, https://www.drugabuse.gov/drug-topics/trends-statistics/overdose-death-rates

14. “Opioid Overdose”, Centers for disease control and prevention, 10 marzo 2021, https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/data/analysis.html

15. Brent D.A., Hur K., Gibbons R.D., “Association Between Parental Medical Claims for Opioid Prescriptions and Risk of Suicide Attempt by Their Children”, JAMA Psychiatry, 76, n° 9, 22 maggio 2019, 941-947

16. “Opioid Overdose Crisis”, National institute on drug abuse, 11 marzo 2021, https://www.drugabuse.gov/drug-topics/opioids/opioid-overdose-crisis

17. van Amsterdam J., Pierce M., van den Brink W., “Is Europe Facing an Emerging Opioid Crisis Comparable to the U.S.?”, Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, 43, n° 1, febbraio 2021, 42-51, https://journals.lww.com/drug-monitoring/Abstract/2021/02000/Is_Europe_Facing_an_Emerging _Opioid_Crisis.6.aspx; “Lessons from Abroad: How Europeans have Tackled Opioid Addiction and What the U.S. Could Learn from Them”, North Carolina Health News, visitato il 20 luglio 2021, https://www.northcarolinahealthnews.org/lessons-from-abroad-how-europeans-have-tackled-opioid-addiction-and-what-the-u-s-could-learn-from-them/

18. “National Center for Health Statistics”, Centers for disease control and prevention, 9 aprile 2021, https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/injury.htm

19. Jacobson L., “More Americans Killed by Guns Since 1968 than in All U.S. Wars, Columnist Nicholas Kristof Writes”, Politifact, 27 agosto 2015, http://www.politifact.com/punditfact/statements/2015/aug/27/nicholas-kristof/more-americans-killed-guns-1968-all-wars-says-colu/

20. Neustaeter B., “More than Half of Ontario Gun Deaths are from Self-Harm, Majority in Older Men in Rural Areas, Study Finds”, CTV News, 19 ottobre 2020, https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/more-than-half-of-ont-gun-deaths-are-from-self-harm-majority-in-older-men-in-rural-areas-study-finds-1.5150002

21. “United States-Gun Facts, Figures, and Law”, GunPolicy.org, visitato il 2 aprile 2020, https://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region/united-states; “France-Gun Facts, Figures and the Law”, GunPolicy.org, visitato il 28 aprile 2020, https://www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region/france

22. Meyer D., “Obesity in America Keeps Getting Worse, Says New CDC Report”, Fortune, 13 ottobre 2017, https://fortune.com/2017/10/13/obesity-in-america/; Police S., “How Much Have Obesity Rates Risen Since 1950?”, livestrong.com, accesso 24 luglio 2021, https://www.livestrong.com/article/384722-how-much-have-obesity-rates-risen-since-1950/

23. “Endocrine Disruptors Cost U.S. More than $340 Billion in Health and Other Costs”, AACC, 17 novembre 2016, https://www.aacc.org/cln/cln-stat/2016/november/17/endocrine-disruptors-cost-us-more-than-340-billion-in-health-and-other-costs. Uno studio sui costi per l’Unione Europea li valuta in 157 miliardi di euro. Kahn L.G., et al., “Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals: Implications for Human Health”, Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology, 8, n° 8, agosto 2020, 703-718, https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30129-7. Si veda anche “Disease Burden and Costs Due to Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals”, NYU Langone Health, consultato il 21 luglio 2021, https://med.nyu.edu/departments-institutes/pediatrics/divisions/environmental-pediatrics/research /policy-initiatives/disease-burden-costs -endocrine-disrupting-chemicals; Attina T.M., et al., “Exposure to Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in the USA: A Population-Based Disease Burden and Cost Analysis”, Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology, 4, n° 12, dicembre 2016, 996-1003; Kassotis C.D., et al., “Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals: Economic, Regulatory, and Policy Implications”, Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology, 8, n° 8, agosto 2020, 719-730

24. Waikar S., “What Can We Learn from the Downfall of Theranos?”, Insights by Stanford Business, 17 dicembre 2018, https://www.gsb.stanford.edu/insights/what-can-we-learn-downfall-theranos

25. Sheetz M., “Secretary DeVos, Walmart heirs and other investors reportedly lost over $600 million on Theranos”, CNBC, 4 maggio 2018, https://www.cnbc.com/2018/05/04/theranos-devos-other-investors-reportedly-lost-over-600-million.html; Cohen M., “Theranos founder Elizabeth Holmes convicted on 4 counts of fraud”, ABC News, 3 gennaio 2022, https://abcnews.go.com/US/elizabeth-holmes-trial-jury-unable-unanimous-verdict-counts/story?id=82055043

26. Martin H., “Three-Quarters of Employees Surveyed at Disney’s Anaheim Resort Say They Can’t Afford Basic Living Expenses”, Los Angeles Times, 28 febbraio 2018, https://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-disneyland-study-20180228-story.html

27. Botsford E., The Big Retirement Risk: Running Out of Money Before You Run Out of Time, Greenleaf Book Group Press, Austin, TX, 2012; Steverman B., “Working Past 70: Americans Can’t Seem to Retire”, Bloomberg, 10 luglio 2017, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-07-10/working-past-70-americans-can-t-seem-to-retire; Probasco J., “The Rise of the Semi-Retired Life”, Investopedia, 3 gennaio 2021, https://www.investopedia.com/articles/retirement/080316/5-reasons-why-more-retirees-are-going-back-work.asp #ixzz59lmc6oJ4

28. Woodman S., “On the Road with the ‘Workampers,’ Amazon’s Retirement-Age Mobile Workforce”, Vice, 12 gennaio 2015, https://www.vice.com/en/article/mv5dn8/in-the-prime-of-their-lives-0000544-v2n1

29. Reich R.B., Saving Capitalism: For the Many, Not the Few, Knopf, New York 2015

30. Judt T., Ill Fares the Land, Penguin, New York 2010, 18-20. Si veda anche O’Neill A., “Life Expectancy in the United States, 1860-2020”, Statista, 3 febbraio 2021, https://www.statista.com/statistics/1040079/life-expectancy-united-states-all-time/. O’Neill scrive: “Nonostante questo aumento complessivo, l’aspettativa di vita è scesa tre volte dal 1860: dal 1865 al 1870 a causa della Guerra di secessione americana, dal 1915 al 1920 per la Prima guerra mondiale e in seguito all’epidemia di influenza spagnola, ed è scesa di nuovo tra il 2015 e oggi. Il motivo dell’ultimo calo dell’aspettativa di vita prima del 2020 non è dovuto a un evento specifico, ma è stato attribuito a tendenze sociali negative, come diete squilibrate e stili di vita sedentari, aumento dei costi sanitari e tassi crescenti di suicidio e uso di droghe”. L’aspettativa di vita si è ulteriormente ridotta a causa del COVID-19. Bell A., “Covid-19 Reduces U.S. Life Expectancy”, Treasury and Risk, 22 luglio 2021, https://www.treasuryandrisk.com/2021/07/22/covid-19-slashes-u-s-life-expectancy-at-age-65-411-25374/?slreturn=20210625114811

31. Pickett K., Wilkinson R., The Spirit Level: Why More Equal Societies Almost Always Do Better, Allen Lane, Londra 2009. Anche Binyamin Appelbaum si concentra sul calo dell’aspettativa di vita come prova del fatto che, a suo dire, “la rivoluzione del mercato è andata troppo oltre”. Appelbaum B., The Economists’ Hour: False Prophets, Free Markets, and the Fracture of Society, Little, Brown, New York 2019, 6-8

32. Smith H., Who Stole the American Dream?, Random House, New York 2012

33. Reich R.B., Saving Capitalism, cit.; Piketty T., Saez E., “How Progressive Is the U.S. Federal Tax System? A Historical and International Perspective”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, American economic association, 21, n° 1, 2007, 3-24; Alvaredo F., et al., “The Top 1 Percent in International and Historical Perspective”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, American economic association, 27, n° 3, 2013, 3-20; Piketty T., Saez E., Zucman G., “Distributional National Accounts: Methods and Estimates for the United States”, NBER Working paper, dicembre 2016, http://piketty.pse.ens.fr/files/PSZ2016.pdf

34. “Federal Income Tax Brackets (Tax Year 1955)”, Tax-Brackets.org, visitato il 22 luglio 2021, https://www.tax-brackets.org/federaltaxtable/1956. Il problema potrebbe essere risolto anche con un reddito minimo di base, che alcuni liberisti, da Milton Friedman ad Andrew Yang, hanno appoggiato, ma questa idea non ha mai avuto una vera e propria presa sui conservatori o sulla comunità imprenditoriale.

35. Chang E., Washington K., “2021-2022 Tax Brackets and Federal Income Tax Rates”, Forbes, aggiornato al 15 marzo 2022, https://www.forbes.com/advisor/taxes/taxes-federal-income-tax-bracket/

36. Isidore C., “Buffet Says He’s Still Paying Lower Tax Rate than His Secretary”, CNN, 4 marzo 2013, https://money.cnn.com/2013/03/04/news/economy/buffett-secretary-taxes/index.html. Sulle società che non pagano le tasse, si veda “60 Fortune 500 Companies Avoided All Federal Income Tax in 2018 Under New Tax Law”, Institute on taxation and economic policy, 11 aprile 2019, https://itep.org/60-fortune-500-companies-avoided-all-federal-income-tax-in-2018-under-new-tax-law/

37. “BRIA 11 3 b The Income Tax Amendment: Most Thought It Was a Great Idea in 1913”, Constitutional rights foundation, consultato il 22 luglio 2021, https://www.crf-usa.org/bill-of-rights-in-action/bria-11-3-b-the-income-tax-amendment-most-thought-it-was-a-great-idea-in-1913.html

38. “The Republican and Democratic Platforms”, cartella Conventions: Platform of american industry, 1924, box 137, serie I, National association of manufacturers records, accession 1411, Hagley museum and library, Wilmington, DE 19807

39. Rahul M., “People in these countries pay the highest taxes”, Yahoo Finance, 21 gennaio 2021, https://sg.finance.yahoo.com/photos/countries-that-pay-the-highest-taxes-in-the-world-093827810/. Sulla storia della tassazione in Svezia, si veda Henrekson M., Stenkula M., Swedish Taxation Since 1862: An Overview, IFN Working paper N° 1052, Research institute of industrial economics, settembre 2015, https://www.ifn.se/wfiles/wp/wp1052.pdf

40. World Health Organization, “Tobacco”, 26 luglio 2021, https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tobacco. Si veda anche Proctor R.N., Golden Holocaust: Origins of the Cigarette Catastrophe and the Case for Abolition, University of California Press, Los Angeles 2012

41. Fuller R., et al., “Pollution and Health: A Progress Update”, The Lancet Planetary Health, 6, n° 6, E535-E547, 2022, https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanplh/article/PIIS2542-5196(22)00090-0/fulltext

42. Robinson K.S., Fifty Degrees Below, Bantam, New York 2005, 368. La citazione completa è: “Tuttavia, poiché era stato eletto con l’aiuto delle grandi compagnie petrolifere e di tutto ciò che è transnazionale, e aveva fatto più di tutti i precedenti presidenti per spolpare il Paese e usarlo come discarica, non sembrava essere così convincente come Phil. Diventava difficile credere alle sue affermazioni secondo le quali la mano invisibile del mercato avrebbe risolto tutto, perché, come diceva Phil, la mano invisibile non pagava mai le cambiali”.

43. Nunn R., et al., “Ten Facts About the Economics of Climate Change and Climate Policy”, Brookings, 23 ottobre 2019, https://www.brookings.edu/research/ten-facts-about-the-economics-of-climate-change-and-climate-policy/; Ackerman F., Stanton E.A., The Cost of Climate Change: What We’ll Pay If Global Warming Continues Unchecked, National Resource Defense Council, New York 2008, https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/cost.pdf. Si veda anche Kahn M.E., et al., “Long-Term Macroeconomic Effects of Climate Change: A Cross-Country Analysis”, Imf Working paper, International monetary fund, 11 ottobre 2019, https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2019/10/11/Long-Term-Macroeconomic-Effects-of-Climate-Change-A-Cross-Country-Analysis-48691. Dall’abstract: “[Un] aumento persistente della temperatura media globale di 0,04°C all’anno, in assenza di politiche di mitigazione, riduce il Pil mondiale reale pro capite di oltre il 7% entro il 2100”.

44. Nordhaus W.D., The Climate Casino: Risk, Uncertainty, and Economics for a Warming World, Yale University Press, New Haven, CT, 2013; Stern N., The Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2006; Stern N., A Blueprint for a Safer Planet: How to Manage Climate Change and Create a New Era of Progress and Prosperity, Bodley Head, Londra 2009; Stern N., Why Are We Waiting? The Logic, Urgency, and Promise of Tackling Climate Change, Lionel Robbins Lectures, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 2015

45. Borders M., “Climate Change: What if They’re Right?”, Foundation for economic education, 1° gennaio 2007, <://fee.org/articles/climate-change-what-if-theyre-right/

46. Aiyar S.S.A., “Adapting to Climate Change is Less Costly Than Spending Trillions on Emission Targets”, Cato institute, 7 novembre 2012, https://www.cato.org/commentary/adapting-climate-change-less-costly-spending-trillions-emission-targets

47. Gehrman E., “Holdren talks back to skeptics of global warming”, Harvard Gazette, 8 novembre 2007, https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2007/11/holdren-talks-back-to-skeptics-of-global-warming/. Di recente, è stata fatta un’osservazione simile sul COVID-19, secondo cui “immunità di gregge” è un eufemismo per la morbilità e la mortalità incontrollate, in altre parole per la sofferenza. Barry J.M., “What Fans of ‘Herd Immunity’ Don’t Tell You”, The New York Times, 19 ottobre 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/19/opinion/coronavirus-herd-immunity.html

48. “IMF Survey: Counting the Cost of Energy Subsidies”, International monetary fund, 17 luglio 2015, https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2015/09/28/04/53/sonew070215a

49. Secondo la pagina web dell’UNfccc, 191 dei 197 firmatari della United Nations framework convention on climate change hanno ratificato gli Accordi di Parigi. United Nations climate change, “Paris Agreement – Status of Ratification”, consultato il 2 agosto 2021, https://cop23.unfccc.int/process/the-paris-agreement/status-of-ratification

50. Mazzucato M., The Entrepreneurial State: Debunking Public vs. Private Sector Myths, ed. riveduta, Anthem Press, Londra 2015

51. Abbate J., Inventing the Internet, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1999

52. Taplin J.T., Move Fast and Break Things: How Facebook, Google, and Amazon Cornered Culture and Undermined Democracy, Little, Brown, New York 2017; Chafkin M., The Contrarian: Peter Thiel and Silicon Valley’s Pursuit of Power, Penguin, New York 2021

53. Bok D., The Politics of Happiness: What Government Can Learn from the New Research on Well-Being, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 2010

54. Martela F., et al., “The Nordic Exceptionalism: What Explains Why the Nordic Countries Are Constantly Among the Happiest in the World?”, in World Happiness Report 2020, Helliwell J.F., et al. (a cura di), Sustainable Development Solutions Network, New York 2020, 128-146, https://worldhappiness.report/ed/2020/the-nordic-exceptionalism-what-explains-why-the-nordic-countries-are-constantly-among-the-happiest-in-the-world/. Si vedano anche Schiller B., “America, Desperate for Happiness, Is Getting Less and Less Happy”, Fast Company, 16 marzo 2018, https://www.fastcompany.com/40544341/america-desperate-for-happiness-is-getting-less-and-less-happy; “Self-Reported Life Satisfaction, 2018”, Our World in Data, visitato il 28 aprile 2021, https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/happiness-cantril-ladder. Gli statunitensi sono anche meno felici di australiani, neozelandesi e israeliani (nonostante il fatto che gli israeliani vivano con un alto grado di ansia per la propria sicurezza fisica quotidiana). Twenge J.M., “The Sad State of Happiness in the United States and the Role of Digital Media”, in World Happiness Report 2019, Helliwell J., Layard R., Sachs J. (a cura di), Sustainable Development Solutions Network, New York 2019, 86-96, https://worldhappiness.report/ ed/2019/the-sad-state-of-happiness-in-the-united-states-and-the-role-of-digital-media/

55. Begley Bloom L., “The 20 Happiest Countries in the World in 2021 (Guess Where the U.S. Is Ranked?)”, Forbes, 19 marzo 2021, https://www.forbes.com/sites/laurabegleybloom/2021/03/19/the-20-happiest-countries-in-the-world-in-2021/?sh=308a85c970a0

57. I Paesi nordici presentano livelli di diversità più elevati di quanto spesso si pensi, ma non hanno “una sottoclasse di schiavi o di manodopera a basso costo importata dalle colonie”. E questo, conclude il rapporto, è importante per sostenere la fiducia tra i gruppi etnici. Martela F., et al., “The Nordic Exceptionalism”, cit. Si veda anche Gross J., Lemola J., “What Makes a Happy Country?”, New York Times, 20 aprile 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/20/world/europe/world-happiness-report-ranking.html

58. Martela F., et al., “The Nordic Exceptionalism”, cit.

59. Bok D., The Politics of Happiness, cit., 17

60. Ibidem, 166

61. Ibidem, 186

62. Judt T., Ill Fares the Land, cit., 5

63. Woolf S.H., Schoomaker H., “Life Expectancy and Mortality Rates in the United States, 1959-2017”, JAMA, 322, n° 20, 2019, 1996-2016

64. Saiidi U., “U.S. Life Expectancy Has Been Declining. Here’s Why”, CNBC, 9 luglio 2019, https://www.cnbc.com/2019/07/09/us-life-expectancy-has-been-declining-heres-why.html

65. Woolhandler S., et al., “Public Policy and Health in the Trump Era”, cit.; Woolf S.H., Schoomaker H., “Life Expectancy”, cit. Sull’aspettativa di vita negli Stati Uniti rispetto all’Europa: Storrs C. e Special to CNN, “Why Americans Don’t Live as Long as Europeans”, CNN, 9 febbraio 2016, https://www.cnn.com/2016/02/09/health/american-life-expectancy-shorter-than-europeans/index.html. Basandosi sulle ricerche di Anne Case e Angus Deaton, Atul Gawande ha avanzato l’idea di un’epidemia di disperazione in “Why Americans Are Dying from Despair”, New Yorker, 16 marzo 2020, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/03/23/why-americans-are-dying-from-despair. L’aspettativa di vita ha continuato a diminuire nel 2021, ma in buona parte è stata determinata dal COVID-19: https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2022/04/07/life-expectancy-covid/. Gli ideatori del concetto di “morti per la disperazione” lo collegano esplicitamente al capitalismo praticato negli Stati Uniti: Case A., Deaton A., Deaths of Despair and the Future of Capitalism, Princeton University Press, Princeton 2020

66. Per un’interessante discussione del rapporto tra neoliberismo e autoritarismo, o quello che lui chiama liberalismo autoritario, si veda Chamayou G., The Ungovernable Society, Polity Press, Cambridge 2021

67. Sulle aziende ricche che hanno combattuto “il governo” mentre traevano profitto dai contratti governativi, si veda Mayer J., Dark Money: The Hidden History of the Billionaires Behind the Rise of the Radical Right, Anchor, New York 2016. Sulla manipolazione dei mercati dell’elettricità da parte della Ge, si veda Browning F., Gerassi J., American Way of Crime: From Salem to Watergate, a Stunning New Perspective on American History, Putnam, New York 1980

68. John Sherman, il promotore originario dello Sherman anti-trust act, spiegò nel 1890 che il governo aveva commesso un errore nel permettere la concentrazione di così tanto potere in così poche mani. U.S. Congressional Record, S. 2460, 51° Congresso, 1° sessione, vol. 21, parte 12, 21 marzo 1890. Si veda anche Akcigit U., Ates S.T., “Ten Facts on Declining Business Dynamism and Lessons from Endogenous Growth Theory”, National Bureau of Economic Research, Working paper 25755, aprile 2019, 43. Si veda il capitolo 14 di questo volume.

69. Medina J., “Active Ignorance, Epistemic Others, and Epistemic Friction”, in The Epistemology of Resistance: Gender and Racial Oppression, Epistemic Injustice, and the Social Imagination, J. Medina (a cura di), Oxford University Press, Oxford 2013, 2. Si veda anche Medina J., “The Relevance of Credibility Excess in a Proportional View of Epistemic Injustice: Differential Epistemic Authority and the Social Imaginary”, Social Epistemology, 25, n° 1, 2011, 15-35

70. Medina J., “Active Ignorance”, cit., 5

71. Ibidem. Un’argomentazione simile viene avanzata dal sociologo Woody Doane, che nota la tendenza delle classi privilegiate a sostenere “un quadro interpretativo in cui le spiegazioni dei bianchi per la disuguaglianza si concentrano sulle caratteristiche culturali (per esempio, motivazioni, valori) dei gruppi subordinati [...] Dal punto di vista politico, questa colpevolizzazione dei gruppi subordinati per la loro posizione economica inferiore serve a neutralizzare le richieste di iniziative antidiscriminatorie o di redistribuzione delle risorse”. Citato in Mills C.W., “White Ignorance”, in Agnotology: The Making and Unmaking of Ignorance, Proctor R.N., Schiebinger L. (a cura di), Stanford University Press, Stanford 2008, 240

72. Jenkins H.W. Jr, “How a Physicist Became a Climate Truth Teller”, Wall Street Journal, 16 aprile 2021, https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-a-physicist-became-a-climate-truth-teller-11618597216

73. Mills C.W., “White Ignorance”, cit., 245

74. Medina J., “Active Ignorance”, cit., 6

75. Jenkins H.W. Jr, “How a Physicist Became a Climate Truth Teller”, cit.

76. MacLean N., Democracy in Chains: The Deep History of the Radical Right’s Stealth Plan for America, Viking, New York 2017; Mayer J., Dark Money, cit.

77. MacLean N., Democracy in Chains, cit.; MacLean N., “Since we are Greatly Outnumbered”, in The Disinformation Age: Politics, Technology, and Disruptive Communication in the United States, Bennett W.L., Livingston S. (a cura di), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2020, 120-149; si veda anche la discussione di Bennett e Livingston su MacLean in The Disinformation Age, cit., 19

78. Sanchez H., “Thom Tillis: Keep Government out of the Bathroom”, Roll Call, 3 febbraio 2015, https://www.rollcall.com/2015/02/03/thom-tillis-keep-government-out-of-the-bathroom

79. Wallerstein I., Utopistics: Or Historical Choices of the Twenty- First Century, New Press, New York 1998, 5-6

80. The National Desk, blog, “‘Rick Perry Is an Idiot’: The Politics of Name-Calling”, Los Angeles Times, 19 agosto 2011, https://latimesblogs.latimes.com/nationnow/2011/08/rick-perry-is-an-idiot-the-politics-of-namecalling-.html; Bartlett B., “Why Hayek Isn’t Paul Ryan’s Guru”, Economix, blog, New York Times, 28 agosto 2012, https://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/08/28/why-hayek-isnt-paul-ryans-guru/

81. Bartlett B., “Why Hayek Isn’t Paul Ryan’s Guru”, cit.

82. Kutz Elliott K., “African Americans in the Early Republic”, Khan Academy, consultato il 22 luglio 2021, https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-history/the-early-republic/culture-and-reform/a/african-americans-in-the-early-republic

83. Editorial Board, “The Task Ahead for Biden on Climate”, New York Times, 6 febbraio 2021, 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/06/opinion/biden-climate-change-environment.html

84. Reich R.B., Saving Capitalism, cit., da 9

85. A onor del vero, molti economisti riconoscono che i mercati spesso non sono efficienti. Tuttavia, il discorso dominante di questa disciplina è che lo siano. Come ha sottolineato Appelbaum, gli economisti esprimono la propria fiducia nei mercati nella teoria dei “mercati efficienti”. Si veda Appelbaum B., The Economists’ Hour, cit., 288-289 (per una discussione su alcune complessità e controesempi, si veda Mallaby S., “How Economists’ Faith in Markets Broke America”, Atlantic, settembre 2019, https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2019/09/nicolas-lemann-binyamin-appelbaum-economics/594718/). Per certi versi, la situazione è peggiore di quanto Appelbaum non ammetta, perché molti economisti mainstream della seconda metà del XX secolo hanno lavorato non solo partendo dal presupposto di mercati efficienti, ma anche da quello di mercati perfettamente funzionanti. Come ha detto Tony Atkinson a proposito del libro che lui e Stiglitz avevano pubblicato nel 1980, “esso cristallizzava molte ipotesi sui mercati perfettamente funzionanti che avrebbero dovuto essere alla base di molte discussioni sulla politica stessa”. Se avessero dovuto riscrivere il libro, lui e Stiglitz sarebbero invece partiti “da un mondo in cui ci sono concorrenza monopolistica, informazioni imperfette [...] e ogni sorta di cose”. Atkinson A.B., Stern N., “Tony Atkinson on Poverty, Inequality, and Public Policy: The Work and Life of a Great Economist”, Annual Review of Economics, 9, n° 1, 2017, 13

86. “Global Democracy Has Another Bad Year”, Economist, 22 gennaio 2020, https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2020/01/22/global-democracy-has-another-bad-year. Per il 2022 si veda https://www.armstrongeconomics.com/internationalnews/politics/the-democracy-index/

87. Lapham L.H., Money and Class in America, OR Books, New York 2018, 157

88. Schultze C., citato in Rodgers D.T., Age of Fracture, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 2012, 42

89. Wriston W., citato in Rodgers D.T., Age of Fracture, cit., 75. Si veda anche Madrick J., Age of Greed, Knopf, New York 2011, cap. 1

90. Hacker J.S., Pierson P., American Amnesia: How the War on Government Led Us to Forget What Made America Prosper, Simon & Schuster, New York 2016, 195

91. Sugli effetti distorsivi dal punto di vista medico del profitto di Big Pharma, si veda Deangelis C.D., “Big Pharma Profits and the Public Loses”, Milbank Quarterly, 94, n° 1, 2016, 30-33

92. Perrone M., Wieder B., “Pro-Painkiller Echo Chamber Shaped Policy and Drug Epidemic”, Center for public integrity, 19 settembre 2016, https://publicintegrity.org/politics/state-politics/pro-painkiller-echo-chamber-shaped-policy-amid-drug-epidemic/