Piano B

Mobilitarsi per il futuro

1. Svendere il futuro

1. Postel S., Pillar of Sand, W.W. Norton & Company, New York 1999.

2. Gugliotta G., “The Maya: Glory and Ruin”, National Geographic, agosto 2007; Diamond J., Collasso, Einaudi, Torino 2005; Postel S., cit., 13-21; Tainter J., The Collapse of Complex Societies, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1988.

3. U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), “Soaring Food Prices: Facts, Perspectives, Impacts, and Actions Required”, paper presentato alla High-Level Conference on World Food Security: the Challenges of Climate Change and Bioenergy, Roma 3-5 giugno 2008; Chicago Board of Trade Futures Data, TFC Commodity Charts, “Grain & Oilseed Commodities Futures”, futures.tradingcharts.com/grains_oilseeds.html (visionato il 16 gennaio 2009); Chicago Board of Trade Futures Data, CME Group, “Commodity Products”, www.cmegroup.com; Childs N., Baldwin K., “Rice Outlook”, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Economic Research Service (ERS), 11 giugno 2009, 26.

4. U.N. General Assembly, “United Nations Millennium Declaration”, General Assembly, 8 settembre 2000; FAO, “1.02 Billion People Hungry”, comunicato stampa, Roma, 19 giugno 2009.

5. U.N. Population Division, World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision Population Database, https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/content/population-division

6. USDA, Production, Supply and Distribution, www.fas.usda.gov/psdonline (aggiornato al 12 maggio 2009); U.N. Population Division, World Population Prospects, cit. 

7. Ward’s Automotive Group, World Motor Vehicle Data 2008, Southfield, USA, 2008; USDA, Production, Supply and Distribution, cit.; Licht F.O., “Too Much Too Soon? World Ethanol Production to Break Another Record in 2005”, World Ethanol and Biofuels Report, 21 giugno 2005, 3, 20, 429-435; U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Energy Information Administration (EIA), “World Crude Oil Prices”, e “U.S. All Grades All Formulations Retail Gasoline Prices”, https://www.eia.gov/ 

8. USDA, Production, Supply and Distribution, cit.; FAO, The State of Food and Agriculture, Roma 1995.

9. Brown L.R., Outgrowing the Earth, W.W. Norton & Company, New York 2004; Gleick P.H., et al.The World’s Water 2004-2005, Island Press, Washington 2004; U.N. Population Division, World Population Prospects, cit.; England A., “Saudis to Phase Out Wheat Production”, Financial Times, 10 aprile 2008; Briscoe J., India’s Water Economy: Bracing for a Turbulent Future, World Bank, New Delhi 2005; World Bank, China: Agenda for Water Sector Strategy for North China, Washington, aprile 2001.

10. Peng S., et al., “Rice Yields Decline with Higher Night Temperature from Global Warming”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 6 giugno 2004, 9971-9975; Hansen J., NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies, “Global Temperature Anomalies in 0.1 C”, https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4787/; “Summary for Policymakers”, in Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2007.

11. U.N. Environment Programme, Global Outlook for Ice and Snow, Nairobi 2007; Brown L.R., “Melting Mountain Glaciers Will Shrink Grain Harvests in China and India”, Plan B Update, Earth Policy Institute, Washington, 20 marzo 2008; USDA, Production, Supply and Distribution, cit.

12. Pfeffer W.T., Harper J.T., O’Neel S., “Kinematic Constraints on Glacier Contributions to 21st-Century Sea-Level Rise”, Science, 5 settembre 2008, 321, 1340-43; Hansen J., “Scientific Reticence and Sea Level Rise”, Environmental Research Letters, 24 maggio 2007; Environmental Change and Forced Scenarios Project, “Preliminary Finds from the EACH-FOR Project on Environmentally Induced Migration”, settembre 2008; U.N. Development Programme, Human Development Report 2007/2008, New York 2007; World Bank, World Development Report 1999/2000, Oxford University Press, New York, 1999; USDA, Production, Supply and Distribution, cit.; U.N. Population Division, World Population Prospects, cit. 

13. FAO, FISHSTAT Plus, www.fao.org (aggiornato a febbraio 2009).

14. Wang T., Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute (CAREERI), Chinese Academy of Sciences, e-mail all’autore del 4 aprile 2004; Wang T., “The Process and Its Control of Sandy Desertification in Northern China”, CAREERI, Chinese Academy of Sciences, seminario sulla desertificazione, Lanzhou, maggio 2002; “Scientists Meeting in Tunis Called for Priority Activities to Curb Desertification”, UN News Service, 21 giugno 2006.

15. Gollehon N., Quinby W., “Irrigation in the American West: Area, Water and Economic Activity”, Water Resources Development, 2000, 16, 2, 187-195; Postel S., Last Oasis, W.W. Norton & Company, New York 1997; Srinivasan R., “The Politics of Water”, Info Change Agenda, ottobre 2005; “China Politics: Growing Tensions Over Scarce Water”, The Economist, 21 giugno 2004.

16. USDA, Production, Supply and Distribution, cit.; USDA in Worldwatch Institute, Signposts 2001, CD-ROM, Washington 2001.

17. USDA, Production, Supply and Distribution, cit.; USDA in Worldwatch Institute, Signposts 2001, cit.

18. USDA, Production, Supply and Distribution, cit.; Cassman K.G., et al., “Meeting Cereal Demand While Protecting Natural Resources and Improving Environmental Quality”, Annual Review of Environment and Resources, novembre 2003, 322, 350; Sinclair T.R., “Limits to Crop Yield?”, in American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America e Soil Science Society of America, Physiology and Determination of Crop Yield, Madison 1994.

19. Vitousek P.M., et al., “Human Appropriation of the Products of Photosynthesis”, BioScience, giugno 1986, 36, 6, 368-373.

20. USDA, Production, Supply and Distribution, cit.; U.N. Population Division, World Population Prospects, cit.

21. Financial Times, “In Depth: The Global Food Crisis”, www.ft.com/food-prices (aggiornato al 6 maggio 2008); USDA, Production, Supply and Distribution, cit.

22. Office of the President, Republic of the Philippines, “RP Assured of 1.5 Million Metric Tons of Rice Supply from Vietnam Annually”, comunicato stampa, Manila, 26 marzo 2008; “Yemen to Seek Australian Food Cooperation”, world-grain.com, 19 maggio 2008; “Indonesia Set to Become Major Rice Exporter Next Year”, world-grain.com, 1 giugno 2008; “Bahrain to Own Rice Farms in Thailand”, tradearabia.com, 30 maggio 2008; Blas J., “Nations Make Secret Deals Over Grain”, Financial Times, 10 aprile 2008; Kolesnikova M., Shahine A., “Russia, Egypt Agree on Wheat Deals to Boost Shipments”, Bloomberg, 23 giugno 2009.

23. GRAIN, “Seized: The 2008 Landgrab for Food and Financial Security”, Barcellona, ottobre 2008; USDA, Production, Supply and Distribution, cit.; “Libya Agrees Deal to Grow Wheat in Ukraine”, Reuters, 27 maggio 2009.

24. von Braun J., Meinzen-Dick R., “‘Land Grabbing’ by Foreign Investors in Developing Countries: Risks and Opportunities”, Policy Brief 13, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, aprile 2009.

25. GRAIN, “Seized: The 2008 Landgrab”, cit.; von Braun J., Meinzen-Dick R., “‘Land Grabbing’ by Foreign Investors”, cit.; “Buying Farmland Abroad: Outsourcing’s Third Wave”, The Economist, 21 maggio 2009.

26. GRAIN, “Seized: The 2008 Landgrab”, cit.; “Land Deals in Africa and Asia: Cornering Foreign Fields”, The Economist, 21 maggio 2009; Blas J., “Saudis Get First Taste of Foreign Harvest”, Financial Times, 4 marzo 2009; “Saudi’s Hadco Eyes Sudan, Turkey in Food Security Push”, Reuters, 17 febbraio 2009; U.N. World Food Programme, “Countries”, www.wfp.org/countries (visionato il 4 giugno 2009).

27. “Saudis Invest $1.3 Billion in Indonesian Agriculture”, Reuters, 24 marzo 2009; von Braun J., Meinzen-Dick R., “‘Land Grabbing’ by Foreign Investors”, cit.

28. von Braun J., Meinzen-Dick R., “‘Land Grabbing’ by Foreign Investors”, cit.; USDA, Production, Supply and Distribution, cit.; U.N. Population Division, World Population Prospects, cit.; “China ‘May Lease Foreign Fields’”, BBC News, 29 aprile 2008; Singh G., “China is Buying Farm Lands Abroad to Ensure Food Supplies at Home”, Business World, New Delhi 16 maggio 2008; “China Eyes Russian Farmlands in Food Push”, Russia Today, Mosca 11 maggio 2008; GRAIN, “Seized: The 2008 Landgrab”, cit.; “Govt to Lease Land for FDI in Agriculture”, Myanmar Times, 11-17 settembre 2006; U.N. World Food Programme, “Countries”, cit.

29. USDA, Production, Supply and Distribution, cit.; GRAIN, “Seized: The 2008 Landgrab”, cit.; “Buying Farmland Abroad”, cit.; Blas J., “Hyundai Plants Seoul’s Flag on 50,000ha of Russia”, Financial Times, 15 aprile 2009.

30. Ansink E., Ruijs A., “Climate Change and the Stability of Water Allocation Agreements”, Working Paper n. 16.2007, febbraio 2007, Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei.

31. “Memorandum of Understanding on Construction of Agriculture Technology Transfer Center and Grain Production and Processing Base in the Philippines, firmato il 15 gennaio 2007; “China: ‘Going Outward’ for Food Security”, Stratfor, 30 aprile 2008; Javier L., “China’s Appetite for Filipino Paddies Breeds Farmer Opposition”, Bloomberg, 21 febbraio 2008; Burgis T., Blas J., “Madagascar Scraps Daewoo Farm Deal”, Financial Times, 18 marzo 2009; “Zambia’s Opposition Condemns Reported Chinese Biofuels Project”, Earth Times, 2 aprile 2009.

32. GRAIN, “Seized: The 2008 Landgrab y”, cit.; “Buying Farmland Abroad”, cit.

33. Bakr A., “Pakistan Offers Farmland to Foreign Investors”, Reuters, 20 aprile 2009.

34. Nakamoto M., Blas J., “G8 Move to Halt ‘Farmland Grabbing’”, Financial Times, 26 maggio 2009; von Braun J., Meinzen-Dick R., “‘Land Grabbing’ by Foreign Investors”, cit.

35. USDA, Production, Supply and Distribution, cit.; U.N. Population Division, World Population Prospects, cit.

36. “Cereal Offenders”, The Economist, 27 maggio 2008; “Commodities Boom Recalls 70s Surge; Prices Not There Yet”, Dow Jones Newswires, 27 giugno 2008; Sanderson F.H., “The Great Food Fumble”, Science, 9 maggio 1975, 188, 503-509; U.S. Department of the Treasury, “Report on Foreign Holdings of U.S. Securities at End-June 2008”, comunicato stampa, Washington, 30 aprile 2009; U.S. Department of the Treasury, “Major Foreign Holders of Treasury Securities”; www.treasury.gov/tic (aggiornato al 16 gennaio 2009).

37. Bandler J., Varchaver N., “How Bernie Did It”, Fortune, 11 maggio 2009; “The Madoff Affair: Going Down Quietly”, The Economist, 12 maggio 2009.

38. Maddison A., “Statistics on World Population, GDP and Per Capita GDP, 1-2006 AD”, https://ghdx.healthdata.org/record/statistics-world-population-gdp-and-capita-gdp-1-2008-ad; Wackernagel M., et al., “Tracking the Ecological Overshoot of the Human Economy”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 9 luglio 2002, 99, 14, 9266-9271; Global Footprint Network, WWF, Zoological Society of London, Living Planet Report 2008, Gland, Svizzera, ottobre 2008.

39. Stima dell’autore, basata sulle cifre citate in precedenza per Cina e India, così come per altri paesi come Arabia Saudita e Pakistan nei quali gli acquiferi si stanno riducendo per lo sfruttamento eccessivo. 

40. FAO, The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2008, Roma 2009; Myers R.A., Worm B., “Rapid Worldwide Depletion of Predatory Fish Communities”, Nature, 15 maggio 2003, 432, 280-283.

41. Hawken P., Moltitudine inarrestabile. Come è nato il più grande movimento al mondo e perché nessuno se ne è accorto, Edizioni Ambiente, Milano 2009.

42. Hawken P., “Commencement Address to the Class of 2009”, discorso tenuto alla University of Portland, 3 maggio 2009.

43. Pfanner E., “Failure Brings Call for Tougher Standards: Accounting for Enron: Global Ripple Effects”, International Herald Tribune, 17 gennaio 2002.

44. Stern N., The Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change, HM Treasury, London 2006.

45. DOE, EIA, “Weekly Retail Gasoline and Diesel Prices”, https://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_pri_gnd_dcus_nus_w.htm (visionato il 5 giugno 2009).

46. International Center for Technology Assessment (ICTA), The Real Cost of Gasoline: An Analysis of the Hidden External Costs Consumers Pay to Fuel Their Automobiles, Washington 1998; ICTA, Gasoline Cost Externalities Associated with Global Climate Change, Washington, settembre 2004; ICTA, Gasoline Cost Externalities: Security and Protection Services, Washington, gennaio 2005; Tamminen T., Lives Per Gallon: The True Cost of Our Oil Addiction, Island Press, Washington 2006, aggiornato ai prezzi del 2007 con Bureau of Economic Analysis, “Table 3 - Price Indices for Gross Domestic Product and Gross Domestic Purchases”, GDP and Other Major Series, 1929-2007, Washington, agosto 2007; DOE, “Weekly Retail Gasoline and Diesel Prices”, cit.

47. Munich Re, Topics Annual Review: Natural Catastrophes 2001, Monaco 2002; USDA, Production, Supply and Distribution, cit., aggiornato al 12 luglio 2007 con i prezzi dell’International Monetary Fund, International Financial Statistics, https://data.imf.org/?sk=4c514d48-b6ba-49ed-8ab9-52b0c1a0179b

48. “Forestry Cuts Down on Logging”, China Daily, 26 maggio 1998; Eckholm E., “China Admits Ecological Sins Played Role in Flood Disaster”, New York Times, 26 agosto 1998.

49. Fund for Peace and Foreign Policy, “The Failed States Index”, Foreign Policy, luglio/agosto 2005.

50. Ibidem.

51. Polgreen L., “In Congo, Hunger and Disease Erode Democracy”, New York Times, 23 giugno 2006; International Rescue Committee, Mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo: An Ongoing Crisis, New York, gennaio 2008; Polgreen L., “Hundreds Killed Near Chad’s Border With Sudan”, New York Times, 14 novembre 2006; “A Failing State: The Himalayan Kingdom Is a Gathering Menace”, The Economist, 4 dicembre 2004.

52. “The Indian Ocean: The Most Dangerous Seas in the World”, The Economist, 17 luglio 2008; U.N. Office on Drugs and Crime, World Drug Report 2009, Vienna, giugno 2009; Lichtarowica A., “Conquering Polio’s Last Frontier”, BBC News, 2 agosto 2007.

53. MacFarquhar N., “Haiti’s Woes Are Top Test for Aid Effort”, New York Times, 31 marzo 2009; U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, The World Factbook, www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/ (aggiornato al 26 giugno 2009); Albright M.K., Cook R., “The World Needs to Step It Up in Afghanistan”, International Herald Tribune, 5 ottobre 2004; Butler D., “5-Year Hunt Fails to Net Qaeda Suspect in Africa”, New York Times, 14 giugno 2003; San Pedro E., “U.S. Ready to Aid Mexico Drug Fight”, BBC News, 2 marzo 2009.

54. Fund for Peace and Foreign Policy, “The Failed States Index”, Foreign Policy, luglio-agosto 2005-2009.

55. Fund for Peace and Foreign Policy, “The Failed States Index”, Foreign Policy, luglio-agosto 2007; tabella 1.1 da Fund for Peace and Foreign Policy, “The Failed States Index”, Foreign Policy, luglio-agosto 2009.

56. Fund for Peace and Foreign Policy, “The Failed States Index”, luglio-agosto 2005-2009.

57. U.N. Population Division, World Population Prospects, cit.; Fund for Peace and Foreign Policy, “The Failed States Index”, Foreign Policy, luglio-agosto 2009; Cincotta R., Leahy E., “Population Age Structure and Its Relation to Civil Conflict: A Graphic Metric”, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Environmental Change and Security Program Report, 2006-2007, 12, 55-58.

58. Fund for Peace and Foreign Policy, “The Failed States Index”, Foreign Policy, luglio-agosto 2009.

59. Ibidem; U.N. Population Division World Population Prospects, cit.

60. Fund for Peace and Foreign Policy, “The Failed States Index”, Foreign Policy, luglio-agosto 2009; U.N. Population Division, World Population Prospects, cit.

61. Fund for Peace and Foreign Policy, “The Failed States Index”, Foreign Policy, luglio-agosto 2009; U.N. World Food Programme, “Countries”, cit.

62. Financial Times, “In Depth: The Global Food Crisis”, cit.; Said C., “Nothing Flat about Tortilla Prices: Some in Mexico Cost 60 Percent More, Leading to a Serious Struggle for Low-Income People”, San Francisco Chronicle, 13 gennaio 2007; Morrow A., Moussa al-Omrani K., “Egypt: Rising Food Costs Provoke Fights Over Subsidised Bread”, Inter Press Service, 26 marzo 2008; Minder R., Aglionby J., Jung-a Song, “Soaring Soybean Price Stirs Anger Among Poor”, Financial Times, 18 gennaio 2008; Delva J., Loney J., “Haiti’s Government Falls after Food Riots”, Reuters, 12 aprile 2008.

63. Bradsher K., “High Rice Cost Creating Fears of Asian Unrest”, New York Times, 29 marzo 2008; Haider K., “Pakistani Troops Escort Wheat Trucks to Stop Theft”, Reuters, 13 gennaio 2008; Sarwar N., “Pakistan’s Poor, Musharraf Reeling Under Wheat Crisis”, Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 14 gennaio 2008; Gall C., “Hunger and Food Prices Push Afghanistan to Brink”, New York Times, 16 maggio 2008; U.N. World Food Programme, “Almost 6 Million Sudanese Await WFP Support in 2009”, www.wfp.org, 5 marzo 2009.

64. United Nations, “United Nations Peacekeeping Operations”, https://peacekeeping.un.org/en; North Atlantic Treaty Organization, “NATO in Afghanistan”, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_8189.htm

65. U.N. World Food Programme, “Countries”, cit.

66. McCrummen S., “In an Eastern Congo Oasis, Blood amid the Greenery”, Washington Post, 22 luglio 2007.

67. U.N. Population Division, World Population Prospects, cit.

68. Vatter H.G., The US Economy in World War II, Columbia University Press, New York 1985; Gropman A.L., Mobilizing U.S. Industry in World War II, National Defense University Press, Washington, agosto 1996; Kearns Goodwin D., No Ordinary Time – Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front in World War II, Simon & Schuster, New York 1994.

69. U.N. Population Division, World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision, Extended Dataset, CD-ROM, New York, 9 aprile 2009.

70. CalCars, “All About Plug-In Hybrids”, www.calcars.org (visionato il 9 giugno 2009); General Motors, “Imagine: A Daily Commute Without Using a Drop of Gas”, www.chevrolet.com/electriccar (visionato l’8 agosto 2008).

71. Kinney L., Lighting Systems in Southwestern Homes: Problems and Opportunities, compilato per DOE, Building America Program con Midwest Research Institute, National Renewable Energy Laboratory Division, Boulder CO, Southwest Energy Efficiency Project, giugno 2005; CREE LED Lighting, “Ultra-Efficient Lighting”, www.creelighting.com

72. Denmark from Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC), “Interactive World Map”, www.gwec.net/index.php?id=126 (visionato il 29 maggio 2009); Hansen F., “Denmark to Increase Wind Power to 50% by 2025, Mostly Offshore”, Renewable Energy Access, 5 dicembre 2006; GWEC, Global Wind 2008 Report, Bruxelles 2009; European Wind Energy Association, “Wind Power on Course to Become Major European Energy Source by the End of the Decade”, comunicato stampa, Bruxelles 22 novembre 2004; Weiss W., Bergmann I., Stelzer R., Solar Heat Worldwide: Markets and Contribution to the Energy Supply 2007, Gleisdorf, Austria, International Energy Agency, Solar Heating & Cooling Programme, maggio 2009; Iceland National Energy Authority and Ministries of Industry and Commerce, Geothermal Development and Research in Iceland, Reykjavik, aprile 2006; Earth Policy Institute, da Bertani R., “World Geothermal Generation in 2007”, GHC Bulletin, settembre 2007; Fridleifsson I.B., et al., “The Possible Role and Contribution of Geothermal Energy to the Mitigation of Climate Change”, in Hohmeyer O., Trittin T., a cura di, IPCC Scoping Meeting on Renewable Energy Sources, Proceedings, Lubecca, Germania, 20-25 gennaio 2008; “World Total Net Electricity Generation, 1980-2005”, in DOE, EIA, International Energy Annual 2005, Washington, 13 settembre 2007.

73. Se-Kyung C., “Anmyeon-do Recreation Forest: A Millennium of Management”, in Durst P.B., et al.In Search of Excellence: Exemplary Forest Management in Asia and the Pacific, Asia-Pacific Forestry Commission, FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok 2005; Hellerstein D., “USDA Land Retirement Programs”, in USDA, Agricultural Resources and Environmental Indicators 2006, Washington, luglio 2006; USDA, ERS, Agri-Environmental Policy at the Crossroads: Guideposts on a Changing Landscape, Agricultural Economic Report 794, Washington, gennaio 2001; USDA, Production, Supply and Distribution, cit.

74. O’Meara M., Reinventing Cities for People and the Planet, Worldwatch Paper 147, Worldwatch Institute, Washington, giugno 1999; City of Amsterdam, “Bike Capital of Europe”, www.toamsterdam.nl (visionato il 2 luglio 2009); Schmemann S., “I Love Paris on a Bus, a Bike, a Train and in Anything but a Car”, New York Times, 26 luglio 2007; Transport for London, Central London Congestion Charging: Impacts Monitoring, Londra, varie annualità.