5. Stabilizzare il clima: passare alle energie rinnovabili
1. U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Energy Information Administration (EIA), Crude Oil Production, www.eia.gov; American Wind Energy Association (AWEA), “Installed U.S. Wind Power Capacity Surged 45% in 2007: American Wind Energy Association Market Report”, comunicato stampa, Washington, 17 gennaio 2008; AWEA, U.S. Wind Energy Projects, https://cleanpower.org/projects; Emerging Energy Research (EER), “US Wind Markets Surge to New Heights”, comunicato stampa, Cambridge, 14 agosto 2008; il dato sulle centrali a carbone è stato calcolato assumendo che un impianto medio abbia una potenza di 500 megawatt e che operi per il 72% del tempo, generando 3,15 miliardi di kilowattora di elettricità all’anno; “Residential Sector Energy Consumption Estimates, 2005”, in DOE, EIA, Residential Energy Consumption Survey 2005 Status Report, Washington 2007; DOE, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Power Technologies Energy Data Book, Golden, agosto 2006; U.S. Census Bureau, State & County QuickFacts, https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/
2. “Clipper and BP to JV on 5,050-MW South Dakota Wind Project”, Wind Energy Weekly, 1° agosto 2008, 27, 1300; American Wind Energy Association (AWEA), “U.S. Wind Energy Installations Reach New Milestone”, comunicato stampa, Washington, 14 agosto 2006; U.S. Census Bureau, “2005-2007 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates – Data Profile Highlights”, https://www.census.gov/data.html; Census Bureau, State & County QuickFacts, cit.; EER, “US Wind Markets Surge to New Heights”, cit.; ITC Holdings Corp., “ITC Holdings Corp. Unveils Green Power Express”, comunicato stampa, Novi, 9 febbraio 2009; TransCanada, “TransCanada’s Zephyr and Chinook Power Transmission Line”, project brochure, Calgary, aprile 2009; Quanta Technology, LLC, Final Report on the Southwest Power Pool (SPP), aggiornato EHV Overlay Study, Raleigh, 3 marzo 2008; “A Window of North Atlantic Opportunity”, Windpower Monthly, ottobre 2008, 21-22.
3. Leftly M., “Middle East to Fund Scotland’s £5bn Power Grid”, The Independent, 10 agosto 2008; “World Electricity Installed Capacity by Type (Million Kilowatts), January 1, 2006”, in DOE, EIA, International Energy Annual 2006 – World Electricity Data, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/390482d0-149a-48c0-959b-d5104ea308ca/weo2006.pdf
4. “Algeria Aims to Export Power – Solar Power”, Associated Press, 11 agosto 2007; Maclean W., “Algeria Plans Solar Power Cable to Germany – Paper”, Reuters, 15 novembre 2007.
5. “World Electricity Installed Capacity by Type (Million Kilowatts)”, in DOE, International Energy Annual 2006, cit.; O’Byrne D., “Electricity Generation: Fair Winds Blow for a Clean Alternative”, Financial Times, 10 giugno 2008; Dodd J., “Strong Winds and High Prices in Turkey”, Windpower Monthly, settembre 2008; Güler H., Turkish Minister of Energy and Natural Resources, conversazione con l’autore, 20 giugno 2008.
6. Janssen P., “The Too Slow Flow: Why Indonesia Could Get All Its Power from Volcanoes – But Doesn’t”, Newsweek, 20 settembre 2004; “Geothermal Power Projects to Cost $US19.8 Bln, Official Says”, ANTARA News, Jakarta, 9 luglio 2008; Wirjawan G., “The Oil Cycle: The Wheels are Turning Again”, Jakarta Post, 12 marzo 2009.
7. D Elliott.L., Wendell L.L., Gower G.L., An Assessment of the Available Windy Land Area and Wind Energy Potential in the Contiguous United States, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland 1991; Archer C.L., Jacobson M.Z., “The Spatial and Temporal Distributions of U.S. Winds and Wind Power at 80 m Derived from Measurements”, Journal of Geophysical Research, 13 maggio 2003, 108; Archer C.L., Jacobson M.Z., “Evaluation of Global Windpower”, Journal of Geophysical Research, 30 giugno 2005, 110; Hu J., et al., “Wind: The Future is Now”, Renewable Energy World, luglio-agosto 2005, 212; Ginting A., Indonesia Geothermal Association, “Geothermal Energy: Global Status, Market and Challenge for Developing in Indonesia”, presentazione al Thematic Panel Discussion of LEAD International Training Session on Leadership and Climate Change, 26 novembre-1° dicembre 2007, Jakarta-Bandung, Indonesia; International Energy Agency (IEA), IEA Statistics, https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics
8. L.R. Brown, “The Flawed Economics of Nuclear Power”, Plan B Update, Earth Policy Institute, Washington, 28 ottobre 2008.
9. International Telecommunication Union, “Key Global Telecom Indicators for the World Telecommunication Service Sector”, https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/publications/wtid.aspx; Sheehan M.O., “Mobile Phone Use Booms”, in Worldwatch Institute, Vital Signs 2002, W.W. Norton & Company, New York 2002.
10. “Historical USA PC Sales” e “Historical Worldwide PC Sales”, in Computer Industry Almanac Inc., Worldwide PC Market, Arlington Heights, settembre 2008; European Photovoltaic Industry Association (EPIA), Global Market Outlook for Photovoltaics Until 2013, Bruxelles, aprile 2009; Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC), Global Wind 2008 Report, Bruxelles 2009.
11. Archer C.L., Jacobson M.Z., “Evaluation of Global Windpower”, cit.; Hu J., et al., “Wind: The Future is Now”, cit.
12. D Elliott.L., Wendell L.L., Gower G.L., An Assessment of the Available Windy Land Area, cit.; Archer C.L., Jacobson M.Z., “The Spatial and Temporal Distributions of U.S. Winds”, cit.; dati NREL, in U.S. Minerals Management Service, Survey of Available Data on OCS Resources and Identification of Data Gaps, Report to the Secretary, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, aprile 2009.
13. European Wind Energy Association (EWEA), “Seas of Change: Offshore Wind Energy”, bollettino di informazione, Bruxelles, febbraio 2009; Garrad Hassan e Partners, Sea Wind Europe, Greenpeace, Londra, marzo 2004.
14. GWEC, Global Wind 2008 Report, cit.
15. GWEC, “Interactive World Map”, https://gwec.net/discover-the-potential-for-offshore-wind-around-the-world/; GWEC, Global Wind 2008 Report, cit.
16. Hansen F., “Denmark to Increase Wind Power to 50% by 2025, Mostly Offshore”, Renewable Energy Access, 5 dicembre 2006.
17. GWEC, Global Wind 2008 Report, cit.
18. AWEA, “U.S. Wind Energy Industry Installs Over 2,800 MW in First Quarter”, comunicato stampa, 28 aprile 2009; AWEA, U.S. Wind Energy Projects, AWEA, U.S. Wind Energy Projects, cit.; AWEA and Solar Energy Industries Association, Green Power Superhighways: Building a Path to America’s Clean Energy Future, Washington, febbraio 2009.
19. Southern California Edison, The Tehachapi Renewable Transmission Project: Greening the Grid, Los Angeles, marzo 2008; Klein P., Media Relations Group, Southern California Edison, conversazione con Dorn J.G., Earth Policy Institute, 22 ottobre 2007; “Clipper and BP to JV”, cit.; Levesque C., “Super-Size It: Mega-Wind Farm Proposals Proliferate”, Wind Energy Weekly, 22 agosto 2008, 27, 1303.
20. “Maine Legislature Unanimously Approves Wind Recommendations”, Wind Energy Weekly, 1° agosto 2008, 27, 1286; Census Bureau, State & County QuickFacts, cit.; AWEA, U.S. Wind Energy Projects, cit.; Wald M.L., “Wind Energy Bumps Into Power Grid’s Limits”, New York Times, 27 agosto 2008; “Oregon Siting Council Green-Lights 909-MW Wind Farm”, Wind Energy Weekly, 1° agosto 2008, 27, 1300.
21. “Deepwater to Start Building R.I. Wind Farm in 2010”, Reuters, 8 gennaio 2009; “LIPA & Con Edison Eye Offshore Wind Power”, Renewable Energy World, 25 marzo 2009; “Garden State Offshore Energy Wins Bid for Offshore Wind Farm”, Renewable Energy World, 6 ottobre 2008; “Bluewater Wind Signs Contract for Sale of Offshore Wind Power”, Renewable Energy World, 24 giugno 2008; “U.S. Wind Energy Installations Reach New Milestone”, cit.
22. Kempton W., et al., “Large CO2 Reductions Via Offshore Wind Power Matched to Inherent Storage in Energy End-Uses”, Geophysical Research Letters, 24 gennaio 2007, 34; Gelsi S., “Green-Collar Pioneers Eye Offshore Wind Riches”, MarketWatch, 8 ottobre 2008; Musial W., “Deepwater Offshore Wind Technology Research Requirements”, AWEA WindPower 2005 Conference, Denver, 12-18 maggio 2005.
23. U.N. Population Division, World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision Population Database, https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/content/population-division; Archer C.L., Jacobson M.Z., “Evaluation of Global Windpower”, cit.; GWEC, Global Wind 2008 Report, cit.; “A Window of North Atlantic Opportunity”, cit.
24. GWEC, Global Wind 2008 Report, cit.; Liming Q., Policy Director, GWEC, e-mail a Roney J.M., Earth Policy Institute, 29 aprile 2009.
25. Una turbina da 2 megawatt che opera per il 36% del tempo genera 6,3 milioni di kilowatt/ora di elettricità all’anno (DOE, NREL, Power Technologies Energy Data Book, cit.); DOE, Wholesale Market Data, https://www.eia.gov/electricity/wholesale/; Renewable Fuels Association, Homegrown for the Homeland: Ethanol Industry Outlook 2005, Washington 2005; Baker A., et al., “Ethanol Reshapes the Corn Market”, Amber Waves, aprile 2006, 4, 2, 32, 34; Licht F.O., “Biofuels”, World Ethanol and Biofuels Report, 14 aprile 2009, 7, 15, 318.
26. Le royalties derivanti dall’installazione delle turbine sono stimate dall’autore sulla base di Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS), “Farming the Wind: Wind Power and Agriculture”, bollettino di informazione, Cambridge 2003.
27. Jodziewicz L., AWEA, e-mail all’autore, 16 ottobre 2007; GWEC e Greenpeace, Global Wind Energy Outlook 2006, Bruxelles 2006.
28. GWEC, Global Wind 2008 Report, cit.
29. Ward’s Automotive Group, World Motor Vehicle Data 2008, Southfield 2008; “Trillions in Spending Needed to Meet Global Oil and Gas Demand, Analysis Shows”, International Herald Tribune, 15 ottobre 2007.
30. Lewis D.L., “They May Save Our Honor, Our Hopes – and Our Necks”, Michigan History, settembre-ottobre 1993; Braun H., The Phoenix Project: Shifting from Oil to Hydrogen with Wartime Speed, in occasione della tavola rotonda Renewable Hydrogen, World Resources Institute, Washington, 10-11 aprile 2003; Barks Hoffman K., “GM Plant Shutdowns Further Hurt Michigan Budget”, Associated Press, 23 aprile 2009.
31. EWEA, “Wind Now Leads EU Power Sector”, comunicato stampa, Bruxelles, 2 febbraio 2009; Shuster E., Tracking New Coal-Fired Power Plants, DOE, National Energy Technology Laboratory, Pittsburgh, gennaio 2009; “Nuclear Dips in 2008”, World Nuclear News, 29 maggio 2009; GWEC, Global Wind 2008 Report, cit.
32. EPIA, Global Market Outlook for Photovoltaics Until 2013, cit.
33. Prometheus Institute e Greentech Media, “25th Annual Data Collection Results: PV Production Explodes in 2008”, PVNews, aprile 2009, 28, 4, 15-18.
34. IEA, World Energy Outlook 2006, Parigi 2006; “Power to the Poor”, The Economist, 10 febbraio 2001.
35. de La Hamaide S., “Bangladesh Seeks World Bank Loan for Solar Power”, Reuters, 26 aprile 2007.
36. “Solar Loans Light Up Rural India”, BBC News, 29 aprile 2007.
37. Nelle emissioni sono comprese quelle da lampade al cherosene e ad altri combustibili, IEA, Light’s Labour’s Lost: Policies for Energy-Efficient Lighting, Parigi 2006; DOE, EIA, International Petroleum Monthly, https://www.eia.gov/petroleum/supply/monthly/archive/ (aggiornato al 13 aprile 2009).
38. “PV Costs Set to Plunge for 2009/10”, Renewable Energy World, 23 dicembre 2008; “PV Costs Down Significantly from 1998-2007”, Renewable Energy World, 23 febbraio 2009; Podewils C., “As Cheap as Brown Coal: By 2010, a kWh of PV Electricity in Spain Will Cost Around 9¢ to Produce”, PHOTON International, aprile 2007.
39. Rutschmann I., “A Country of Megawatt Parks”, PHOTON International, settembre 2008, 32-39; Cleantech America, Inc., “KRCD Enters Long Term, Zero Emission Solar Power Plan”, comunicato stampa, San Francisco, 6 luglio 2007; Zion Waldoks E., “IEC Approves Arava Company’s Proposal for World’s Largest Photovoltaic Field”, The Jerusalem Post, 15 febbraio 2009.
40. Wald M.L., “Two Large Solar Plants Planned in California”, New York Times, 15 agosto 2008.
41. China Technology Development Group Corporation, “CTDC to Build 30MW On-Grid Solar Power Station in Qaidam Basin”, comunicato stampa, Hong Kong, 2 gennaio 2009; EPIA, Global Market Outlook for Photovoltaics Until 2013, cit.
42. Kovalyova S., “Italy’s Solar Power Flourishes with State Help”, Reuters, 12 marzo 2009; EPIA, Global Market Outlook for Photovoltaics Until 2013, cit.; “Chapter 8.8: California Solar Initiative”, in California State Legislature, Statutes 2006, SB1, Chapter 132, Sacramento, 21 agosto 2006; California Public Utilities Commission, California Solar Initiative Program Handbook, San Francisco, gennaio 2009; Parker S., “Maryland Expands RPS: 1,500 MW Solar by 2022”, Renewable Energy Access, 12 aprile 2007; New Jersey’s Clean Energy Program, “FAQ: NJ Solar Financing Program”, bollettino di informazione, New Jersey Board of Public Utilities, Newark, 12 settembre 2007.
43. EPIA, Global Market Outlook for Photovoltaics Until 2013, cit.; IEA, World Energy Outlook 2006, cit.
44. Aringhoff R., et al., Concentrated Solar Thermal Power – Now!, European Solar Thermal Industry Association (ESTIF), IEA SolarPACES, Greenpeace International, Bruxelles, Almeria e Amsterdam, settembre 2005; NREL, U.S. Parabolic Trough Power Plant Data, https://solarpaces.nrel.gov/by-technology/parabolic-trough; “Largest Solar Thermal Plant in 16 Years Now Online”, EERE Network News, 13 giugno 2007; Solar Energy Industries Association, U.S. Solar Industry Year in Review 2008, Washington, marzo 2009.
45. Lockheed Martin Corporation, “Lockheed Martin to Support Utility-Scale Solar Power Plant in Arizona”, comunicato stampa, Moorestown, 22 maggio 2009; Arizona Public Service, “APS, Starwood Energy to Collaborate on Major Concentrating Solar Plant”, comunicato stampa, Phoenix, 22 maggio 2009.
46. “Algeria Aims to Export Power”, cit.; Maclean W., “Algeria Plans Solar Power Cable to Germany”, cit.
47. “Algeria Aims to Export Power”, cit.; Maclean W., “Algeria Plans Solar Power Cable to Germany”, cit.; Oak Ridge National Laboratory, “New Energy Algeria (NEAL)”, https://www.ornl.gov/directorate/estd
48. Fischer D., “Solar Thermal Comes Out of the Shadows”, The Daily Climate, 20 novembre 2008; Dorn J.G., “Solar Thermal Power Coming to a Boil”, Plan B Update, Earth Policy Institute, Washington, 22 luglio 2008; “NRG Energy to Develop 500 MW of Solar Thermal”, Renewable Energy World, 25 febbraio 2009; Lindlaw V., Bright-Source Energy, e-mail a Roney J.M., Earth Policy Institute, 3 giugno 2009.
49. Alok Jha, “Power in the Desert: Solar Towers Will Harness Sunshine of Southern Spain”, The Guardian, 24 novembre 2008; Dorn, Dorn J.G., “Solar Thermal Power Coming to a Boil”, cit.; EER, “Global Concentrated Solar Power Markets & Strategies, 2009-2020”, Cambridge, aprile 2009.
50. Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century (REN21), Renewables 2007 Global Status Report, REN21 Secretariat e Worldwatch Institute, Parigi e Washington 2008; DOE, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), “Concentrating Solar Power Funding Opportunity Announcement”, Washington, 25 maggio 2007.
51. Mehos M.S., Kearney D.W., “Potential Carbon Emissions Reductions from Concentrating Solar Power by 2030”, in Kutscher C.F., a cura di, Tackling Climate Change in the U.S. – Potential Carbon Emissions Reductions from Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy by 2030, American Solar Energy Society, Boulder 2007; DOE, EIA, Electric Power Annual 2007, Washington, gennaio 2009; U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Nevada State Office, “Energy”, Arizona State Office, “Arizona, the New Frontier!” e California Desert District, “Solar Energy Projects”, www.blm.gov (aggiornato al 19 marzo 2009).
52. Richter C., Teske S., Short R., Concentrating Solar Power Global Outlook 2009, Greenpeace International, SolarPACES, ESTIF, Amsterdam, Tabernas, Bruxelles, maggio 2009.
53. Weiss W., Bergmann I., Stelzer R., Solar Heat Worldwide: Markets and Contribution to the Energy Supply 2007, IEA, Solar Heating & Cooling Programme, Gleisdorf, Austria, maggio 2009; “Sunrise or Sunset?”, China Daily, 25 agosto 2008; Hodum R., “Kunming Heats Up as China’s ‘Solar City’”, China Watch, Worldwatch Institute e Global Environmental Institute, Washington, 5 giugno 2007; Graham-Harrison E., “China Solar Power Firm Sees 25 Percent Growth”, Reuters, 4 ottobre 2007.
54. I collettori solari hanno un fattore di utilizzo simile a quello dei pannelli fotovoltaici (22%); Weiss W., Bergmann I., Stelzer R., Solar Heat Worldwide, cit.; DOE, NREL, Power Technologies Energy Data Book, cit.
55. Pilgaard O., Solar Thermal Action Plan for Europe, ESTIF, Bruxelles 2007; Weiss W., Bergmann I., Stelzer R., Solar Heat Worldwide, cit.; U.N. Population Division, World Population Prospects, cit.; Sawin J.L., “Solar Industry Stays Hot”, in Worldwatch Institute, Vital Signs 2006-2007, W.W. Norton & Company, New York 2006.
56. Pilgaard O., Solar Thermal Action Plan for Europe, cit.; Weiss W., Bergmann I., Stelzer R., Solar Heat Worldwide, cit.; U.N. Population Division, World Population Prospects, cit.
57. Brechlin U., “Study on Italian Solar Thermal Reveals a Surprisingly High Contribution to EU Market: 130 MWth in 2006”, comunicato stampa, ESTIF, Bruxelles, 24 aprile 2007; Sawin J.L., “Solar Industry Stays Hot”, cit.; Nelson L., “Solar-Water Heating Resurgence Ahead?”, Solar Today, maggio-giugno 2007, 28; Pilgaard O., Solar Thermal Action Plan for Europe, cit.; Ambiente Italia, STO Database, ProSTO Project web site, http://solarheateurope.eu/welcome-to-solar-heat-europe/
58. Nelson L., “Solar-Water Heating Resurgence Ahead?”, cit.; Sherwood L., U.S. Solar Trends 2007, Interstate Renewable Energy Council, Latham, agosto 2008; Jones J., “Such an Obvious Solution”, Renewable Energy World, 2 settembre 2008.
59. Weiss W., Bergmann I., Stelzer R., Solar Heat Worldwide, cit.; Jones, J., “Such an Obvious Solution”, cit.
60. Se nel 2020 i 5 miliardi di persone che sono previste nei paesi in via di sviluppo arrivassero ad avere 0,08 metri quadrati di collettori solari a testa, ciò aggiungerebbe 400 milioni di metri quadrati al totale mondiale, da Weiss W., Bergmann I., Stelzer R., Solar Heat Worldwide, cit., e da U.N. Population Division, World Population Prospects, cit.
61. Nelson, L., “Solar-Water Heating Resurgence Ahead?”, cit.
62. Ibidem; Ambiente Italia, STO Database, ProSTO Project web site, cit.
63. EPIA, Global Market Outlook for Photovoltaics Until 2013, cit.; Richter C., Teske S., Short R., Concentrating Solar Power Global Outlook 2009, cit.; Shuster E., Tracking New Coal-Fired Power Plants, cit.
64. Gawell K., et al., International Geothermal Development Directory and Resource Guide, Geothermal Energy Association (GEA), Washington 2003; EER, Global Geothermal Markets and Strategies 2009-2020, Cambridge, maggio 2009.
65. Bertani R., “World Geothermal Generation in 2007”, GHC Bulletin, settembre 2007, 8-9; EER, Global Geothermal Markets, cit.
66. Bertani R., “World Geothermal Generation in 2007”, cit.; Slack K., U.S. Geothermal Power Production and Development Update, GEA, Washington, marzo 2009; EER, Global Geothermal Markets, cit.; Gawell K., et al., 2007 Interim Report: Update on World Geothermal Development, GEA, Washington, 1° maggio 2007; Fridleifsson I.B., et al., “The Possible Role and Contribution of Geothermal Energy to the Mitigation of Climate Change”, in Hohmeyer O., Trittin T., a cura di, IPCC Scoping Meeting on Renewable Energy Sources, Proceedings, Luebeck, Germania, 20-25 gennaio 2008; “World Total Net Electricity Generation, 1980-2005”, in DOE, EIA, “International Energy Annual 2005 – World Electricity Data”, www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2005
67. World Bank, “Geothermal Energy”, PB Power e World Bank Partnership Program, www.worldbank.org (visionato il 23 gennaio 2003).
68. Tester J., et al., The Future of Geothermal Energy: Impact of Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) on the United States in the 21st Century, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 2006; Lund J.W., Freeston D.H., “World-Wide Direct Uses of Geothermal Energy 2000”, Geothermics, 2001, 30, 34, 46, 51, 53.
69. Tester J., et al., The Future of Geothermal Energy, cit.; Smith J., “Renewable Energy: Power Beneath Our Feet”, New Scientist, 8 ottobre 2008.
70. Nowak R., “Who Needs Coal When You Can Mine Earth’s Deep Heat?”, New Scientist, 19 luglio 2008; Tester J., et al., The Future of Geothermal Energy, cit.
71. UCS, “How Geothermal Energy Works”, https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/how-geothermal-energy-works; Slack K., U.S. Geothermal Power Production, cit.
72. “Geothermal Power Projects to Cost $US19.8 Bln, Official Says”, cit.; Davies E., Lema K., “Geothermal-Rich SE Asia Struggles to Tap Earth’s Power”, Reuters, 30 giugno 2008; Bertani R., “World Geothermal Generation in 2007”, cit.; “Energy Dev Corp.: Bid to Become Top Geothermal Producer”, Agence France-Presse, 14 gennaio 2009; Geysir Green Energy, “Philippines”, https://www.thinkgeoenergy.com/tag/geysir-green-energy/
73. German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), “African Rift Geothermal Facility (ARGeo)”, https://www.bgr.bund.de/EN/Themen/Zusammenarbeit/TechnZusammenarb/Geotherm/Projects/ARGeo/ARGeo_inhalt_en.html; U.N. Environment Programme (UNEP), “Hot Prospect – Geothermal Electricity Set for Rift Valley Lift-Off in 2009”, comunicato stampa, Nairobi, 9 dicembre 2008; Bertani R., “World Geothermal Generation in 2007”, cit.; DOE, International Energy Annual 2006, cit.
74. Nishikawa Y., “Japan Geothermal Projects Pick Up After 20 Years: Report”, Reuters, 4 gennaio 2009; Bertani R., “World Geothermal Generation in 2007”, cit.; Lund J.W., Freeston D.H., “World-Wide Direct Uses of Geothermal Energy 2000”, cit.
75. Bussmann W., “Germany: The Geothermal Market is Expanding”, presentazione alla Renewable Energy Exhibition, Lione, Parigi, 25-28 febbraio 2009; Burgermeister J., “Geothermal Electricity Booming in Germany”, Renewable Energy World, 2 giugno 2008; UNEP, “Hot Prospect – Geothermal Electricity”, cit.
76. DOE, EERE, “Energy Savers: Geothermal Heat Pumps”, aggiornato al 24 febbraio 2009, e “Energy Savers: Benefits of Geothermal Heat Pump Systems”, aggiornato al 30 dicembre 2008, https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/energy-saver; Burgermeister J., “Geothermal Electricity Booming in Germany”, cit.
77. Iceland National Energy Authority and Ministries of Industry and Commerce, Geothermal Development and Research in Iceland, Reykjavik, Islanda, aprile 2006; World Bank, “Geothermal Energy”, cit.
78. Lund J.W., Freeston D.H., “World-Wide Direct Uses of Geothermal Energy 2000”, cit.
79. World Bank, “Geothermal Energy”, cit.
80. Ibidem
81. Lund J.W., Freeston D.H., “World-Wide Direct Uses of Geothermal Energy 2000”, cit.
82. Tester J., et al., The Future of Geothermal Energy, cit.; Muraoka H., et al., “Assessment of Hydrothermal Resource Potentials in Japan 2008”, Abstract of Annual Meeting of Geothermal Research Society of Japan, Kanazawa, Giappone, 2008; Muraoka H., National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, e-mail a Roney J.M., Earth Policy Institute, 13 luglio 2009.
83. Gliessman S.R., Agroecology: The Ecology of Sustainable Food Systems, CRC Press, 2nd ed., Boca Raton, 2006; Pew Center on Global Climate Change, “Climate TechBook: Solar Power”, bollettino di informazione, Arlington, maggio 2009; Richter C., Teske S., Short R., Concentrating Solar Power Global Outlook 2009, cit.
84. Overend R.P., Milbrandt A., “Potential Carbon Emissions Reductions from Biomass by 2030”, in Kutscher C.F., Tackling Climate Change in the U.S., cit.; DOE, EIA, Electric Power Annual 2007, cit.
85. Swedish Energy Agency, Energy in Sweden 2008, Eskilstuna, Svezia, dicembre 2008.
86. Census Bureau, State & County QuickFacts, cit.; Rydaker A., “Biomass for Electricity & Heat Production”, presentazione a Bioenergy North America 2007, Chicago, 16 aprile 2007.
87. Oglethorpe Power Corporation, “Oglethorpe Power Announces Plans to Build Biomass Electric Generating Facilities”, comunicato stampa, Tucker, 18 settembre 2008.
88. World Alliance for Decentralized Energy, Bagasse Cogeneration – Global Review and Potential, Washington, giugno 2004; U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Production, Supply and Distribution, cit.
89. Waste to Energy Conference, “Power and Heat for Millions of Europeans”, comunicato stampa, Brema, Germania, 20 aprile 2007; Confederation of European Waste-to-Energy Plants, “2008 Country Reports on Waste Management”, www.cewep.eu (visionato il 23 luglio 2009); Morris J., “Comparative LCAs for Curbside Recycling Versus Either Landfilling or Incineration with Energy Recovery”, International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, luglio 2005, 10, 4, 273-84.
90. Puget Sound Energy, “King County, PSE, and Bio Energy-Washington Teaming Up to Generate Green Energy from Landfill Gas”, comunicato stampa, Seattle, 6 aprile 2009.
91. Anderson R.C., presentazione a Chicago Climate Exchange, Chicago, 14 giugno 2006.
92. Licht F.O., “World Fuel Ethanol Production”, World Ethanol and Biofuels Report, 26 maggio 2009, 7, 18, 365; Licht F.O., “Biodiesel: World Production, by Country”, World Ethanol and Biofuels Report, 26 marzo 2009, 7, 14, 288.
93. Licht F.O., “World Fuel Ethanol Production”, cit.; Guerin B., “European Blowback for Asian Biofuels”, Asia Times, 8 febbraio 2007.
94. Searchinger T., et al., “Use of U.S. Croplands for Biofuels Increases Greenhouse Gases through Emissions from Land-Use Change”, Science, 29 febbraio 2008, 319, 1238-1240.
95. Fargione J., et al., “Land Clearing and the Biofuel Carbon Debt”, Science, 29 febbraio 2008, 319, 1235-1238.
96. “Biofools”, The Economist, 11 aprile 2009; Crutzen P.J., et al., “N2O Release from Agro-biofuel Production Negates Global Warming Reduction by Replacing Fossil Fuels”, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 29 gennaio 2008, 8, 389-395; Etter L., “Ethanol Craze Cools As Doubts Multiply”, Wall Street Journal, 28 novembre 2007; Howarth R.W., Bringezu S., a cura di, Biofuels: Environmental Consequences and Interactions with Changing Land Use, Proceedings of the Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE) International Biofuels Project Rapid Assessment, 22-25 settembre 2008, Cornell University, Ithaca 2009.
97. DOE, EERE, “Starch – and Sugar-Based Ethanol Feedstocks”, www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/ethanol/feedstocks_starch_sugar.html (aggiornato al 4 febbraio 2009); DOE e USDA, Biomass as Feedstock for a Bioenergy and Bioproducts Industry: The Technical Feasibility of a Billion-Ton Annual Supply, Washington, aprile 2005; Hill J., et al., “Environmental, Economic, and Energetic Costs and Benefits of Biodiesel and Ethanol Biofuels”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 25 luglio 2006, 103, 30, 11206-11210; Schmer M.R., et al., “Net Energy of Cellulosic Ethanol from Switchgrass”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 15 gennaio 2008, 105, 2, 464-469; Pur-due University, Department of Agricultural Communication, “Fast-Growing Trees Could Take Root as Future Energy Source”, comunicato stampa, West Lafayette, 23 agosto 2006.
98. Campbell J.E., Lobell D.B., Field C.B., “Greater Transportation Energy and GHG Offsets from Bioelectricity than Ethanol”, Science, 22 maggio 2009, 324, 1055-1057; DOE e USDA, Biomass as Feedstock for a Bioenergy and Bioproducts Industry, cit.
99. Lane N., Issues Affecting Tidal, Wave, and In-Stream Generation Projects, Congressional Research Service, Washington, 26 novembre 2008.
100. IEA, World Energy Outlook 2008, Parigi 2008; IEA, Member Countries and Countries Beyond the OECD, https://www.iea.org/about/membership; International Rivers Network, “Frequently Asked Questions about Dams”, bollettino di informazione, Berkeley 2004.
101. “Rural Areas Get Increased Hydro Power Capacity”, Xinhua, 7 maggio 2007.
102. Palmer J., “Renewable Energy: The Tide is Turning”, New Scientist, 11 ottobre 2008; European Commission, “Tidal Energy – Promising Sites Worldwide”, ATLAS project web site, https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/renewable-energy_en; ABS Energy Research, The Ocean Energy Report, Londra 2009.
103. Choe S.-H., “South Korea Seeks Cleaner Energy Sources”, International Herald Tribune, 9 maggio 2007; Choe S.-H., “As Tides Ebb and Rise, South Korea Prepares to Snare Them”, International Herald Tribune, 31 maggio 2007; ABS Energy Research, The Ocean Energy Report, cit.; Lunar Energy, “British Firm Announces World’s Largest Tidal Power Development”, comunicato stampa, East Yorkshire, 11 marzo 2008; IEA, Implementing Agreement on Ocean Energy Systems (IEA-OES), 2008 Annual Report, Lisbona, febbraio 2009.
104. Palmer, J., “Renewable Energy: The Tide is Turning”, cit.; Choe S.-H., “As Tides Ebb and Rise”, cit.; ABS Energy Research, The Ocean Energy Report, cit.; “World Electricity Installed Capacity by Type (Million Kilowatts), January 1, 2006”, in DOE, EIA, International Energy Annual 2006, cit.
105. “Issued Hydrokinetic Projects Preliminary Permits”, in Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, “Hydropower-Industry Activities”, https://www.ferc.gov/licensing/hydrokinetic-projects; Hoover M., Oceana Energy Company, e-mail a Roney J.M., 30 giugno 2009.
106. Silgardo R., et al., Finavera Renewables Inc.: Where There is Wind There is a Wave, Dundee Securities Corporation, Toronto, 18 giugno 2007; “Issued Hydrokinetic Projects Preliminary Permits”, cit.; Zeller, T. Jr., “Wave Power for San Francisco?”, Green Inc., Nytimes.com, 27 febbraio 2009.
107. Pelamis Wave Power, “Aguçadoura”; de Queiroz M., “Portugal: Waves of Energy Come Ashore”, Inter Press Service, 24 settembre 2008; “Wave Hub Names Fourth Developer for Wave Energy Farm”, Renewable Energy Access, 15 maggio 2007; European Commission, Report on the Workshop on Hydropower and Ocean Energy – Part I: Ocean Energy, Bruxelles, 13 giugno 2007; IEA, IEA Statistics, cit.; “Aquamarine to Develop 1 GW of Ocean Energy”, Renewable Energy World, 24 febbraio 2009; World Energy Council, 2007 Survey of Energy Resources, Londra 2007; “World Electricity Installed Capacity by Type (Million Kilowatts), January 1, 2006”, in DOE, EIA, International Energy Annual 2006, cit.
108. REN21, Renewables Global Status Report: 2009 Update, REN21 Secretariat e Worldwatch Institute, Parigi e Washington 2009; Buckley L., “Hydropower in China: Participation and Energy Diversity Are Key”, China Watch, Worldwatch Institute e Global Environmental Institute, Washington, 24 aprile 2007; “Rural Areas Get Increased Hydro Power Capacity”, cit.; Aiyar P., “China: Another Dammed Gorge”, Asia Times, 3 giugno 2006; Duffy G., “Brazil Gives Amazon Dams Go-Ahead”, BBC News, 10 luglio 2007; McCully P., Before the Deluge: Coping with Floods in a Changing Climate, International Rivers Network, Berkeley 2007).
109. DOE, EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2009, Washington, marzo 2009; National Hydropower Association, “NHA Applauds President Obama and Congress for Turning to Hydro in the Stimulus”, comunicato stampa, Washington, 19 febbraio 2009.
110. GWEC, Global Wind 2008 Report, cit.; EPIA, Global Market Outlook for Photovoltaics Until 2013, cit.; Rutschmann I., “A Country of Megawatt Parks”, cit.; EER, Global Geothermal Markets and Strategies 2009-2020, cit.; REN21, Renewables Global Status Report: 2009 Update, cit.; Weiss W., Bergmann I., Stelzer R., Solar Heat Worldwide, cit.; Tester J., et al., The Future of Geothermal Energy, cit.
111. “‘Wind Can Power Up Entire Nation’”, China Daily, 18 giugno 2009; Shen R., Miles T., “China’s Wind-power Boom to Outpace Nuclear by 2020”, China Daily, 20 aprile 2009.
112. “Existing Capacity by Energy Source, 2007, e “Planned Nameplate Capacity Additions from New Generators, by Energy Source, 2008 through 2012”, in DOE, EIA, Electric Power Annual 2007, cit.; Shuster E., Tracking New Coal-Fired Power Plants, cit.; AWEA, EPIA, GEA, DOE, Navigant Consulting, NREL, USDA, Electric Power Research Institute.
113. “Texas to Spend Billions on Wind Power Transmission Lines”, Environment News Service, 18 luglio 2008; O’Grady E., “Texas Finalizes Plan to Expand Wind Lines”, Reuters, 29 gennaio 2009; AWEA) “U.S. Wind Energy Installations Reach New Milestone”, cit.
114. TransCanada, “TransCanada’s Zephyr and Chinook”, cit.
115. DiSavino S., “ITC Proposes Project to Move Wind Power to Chicago”, Reuters, 9 febbraio 2009; “ITC Holdings Corp. Unveils Green Power Express”, cit.; DOE, “Locke, Chu Announce Significant Steps in Smart Grid Development”, comunicato stampa, Washington, 18 maggio 2009.
116. Archer C.L., Jacobson M.Z., “Supplying Baseload Power and Reducing Transmission Requirements by Interconnecting Wind Farms”, Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, novembre 2007, 46, 1701-1717.
117. Massy J., “Grand Vision on Paper: Blueprint for a European Super-grid”, Windpower Monthly, dicembre 2008, 37; Jha A., “Solar Power from Saharan Sun Could Provide Europe’s Electricity, Says EU”, The Guardian, 23 luglio 2008; Strahan D., “From AC to DC: Going Green with Supergrids”, New Scientist, 14-20 marzo 2009; Rodgers P., “Wind-fuelled ‘Supergrid’ Offers Clean Power to Europe”, The Independent, 25 novembre 2007.
118. Strahan D., “From AC to DC: Going Green with Supergrids”, cit.; Curley E., Mainstream Renewable Power, discussione con Roney J.M., Earth Policy Institute, 2 luglio 2009; The ABB Group, “The NorNed HVDC Link”, www.abb.com (aggiornato al 28 maggio 2009).
119. DESERTEC Foundation, “12 Companies Plan Establishment of a Desertec Industrial Initiative”, comunicato stampa, Monaco, 13 luglio 2009; IEA, World Energy Outlook 2008, cit.; DOE, NREL, Power Technologies Energy Data Book, cit.
120. Clark E., Former Senior Economist, White House Council on Environmental Quality, lettera all’autore, 25 luglio 2001; Aldy J.E., Stavins R.N., Harvard Project on International Climate Agreements, “Economic Incentives in a New Climate Agreement”, in occasione del The Climate Dialogue, Copenaghen, Danimarca, 7-8 maggio 2008.
121. Galbraith K., “Europe’s Way of Encouraging Solar Power Arrives in the U.S.”, New York Times, 12 marzo 2009; Cory K., Couture T., Kreycik C., Feed-in Tariff Policy: Design, Implementation, and RPS Policy Interactions, NREL, Golden, marzo 2009; REN21, Renewables 2007 Global Status Report, cit.; Database of State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency, “Rules, Regulations, & Policies for Renewable Energy”, aggiornato ad aprile 2009, e “Federal Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency”, aggiornato al 19 febbraio 2009, www.dsireusa.org.